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Referencing

Helping you with referencing queries, referencing styles and referencing software supported by the University of Birmingham.

Chicago

The Chicago style is available in two distinct formats:

  1. The Notes and Bibliography (NB) format: This has superscript numbers in the text referring to footnotes where details of the citation are given, and a bibliography in alphabetical order by authors' surnames is given at the end. It tends to be used in the arts and humanities subjects.
  2. The Author-Date (AD) format: This has in-text citations consisting of the author's name and year of publication in round brackets, and an alphabetical bibliography at the end. In the bibliography, the year of publication follows immediately after the author's details. This version is favoured by the sciences and social sciences.

As there are two versions available, you need to ascertain, from your department, which of the two you are to use. Similarly, most manuals give examples from both styles, so you need to take care that you are following the right examples.

Authoritative guides

Chicago Referencing for Classics, Ancient History & Archaeology

CAHA students should refer to the Classical Referencing guidance on the Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology Subject Guide

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