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Referencing

Helping you with referencing queries, referencing styles and referencing software supported by the University of Birmingham.

MLA (Modern Language Association)

The MLA style of referencing uses in-text citations rather than footnotes or endnotes. The citations in-text are very brief, usually just the author's family name and a relevant page number. These citations correspond to the full references in the list of works cited at the end of the document.

Authoritative guides

  • The official homepage of the MLA Style.
  • The printed MLA Handbook, 9th edition, 2021.
  • Cite Them Right Online: This database has extensive examples of citations and references in MLA style. Select MLAstyle from 'Choose Referencing Style' on the landing page.
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